From Brain Drain to Brain Regain: Mobilizing Global AI Talent Locally

This chapter explores the global dynamics of AI talent mobility, moving beyond the traditional “brain drain” narrative to introduce the concepts of “brain circulation” and “brain regain.” Drawing on migration theory, empirical data, and national policy examples, we examine how countries can turn talent outflows into strategic advantages. We compare leading approaches—including education programs, mobility policies, and public-private partnerships—using updated data on global AI talent flows. Key trends include intensified competition between states and firms, increasing privatization of knowledge, and the growing dominance of the private sector in AI research, which now produces 89% of notable models. China accounts for 47% of top-tier AI researchers (up from 29% in 2019), India’s AI talent concentration has risen by 252%, and Singapore leads globally in talent density. Evidence from countries like China, India, and Singapore shows that “brain regain” strategies—combining domestic opportunity creation with global engagement—can reverse historical migration patterns. We conclude with policy recommendations to support equitable global talent development, including a proposal for a UN-brokered Global AI Talent Pact to promote collaborative competition and ensure shared benefits from AI innovation.